Amplitude Modulation (AM) is one of the simplest and most intuitive modulation techniques that can be used to transmit information. Understanding this basic modulation is very important before working with other advanced techniques. It illustrates the relation between the time…

The concept of geometric representation of digital signals is very important in digital communication, and it is considered the foundation for understanding any digital modulation scheme. This tutorial illustrates this idea and introduces the constellation diagram representation, which is used…

When I first started learning about digital communication, I always wondered how all these mathematical and abstract equations and ideas could be used to implement a real communication system! Recently, I realized that I now have some idea of how…